Vulcan Materials Co
NYSE:VMC
Earnings Call Analysis
Q4-2023 Analysis
Vulcan Materials Co
Vulcan Materials Company exhibited a stellar performance in 2023, reaching more than $2 billion in adjusted EBITDA and breaking a significant threshold with $9 of aggregate cash gross profit per ton. Their fourth quarter unveiled a 27% year-on-year surge in adjusted EBITDA, fueled by price increments and cost management in aggregates, signaling enduring business health and execution consistency.
Aggregates displayed a 2% uptick in Q4 shipments and a significant 14% jump in freight-adjusted price, reaching an average selling price of $19 per ton. The company is successfully navigating inflation, with a 7% increase in adjusted cash cost, yet expecting a mid-single digit bump in costs for 2024. These elements orchestrate a favorable mid-teens rise in cash gross profit per ton, reinforcing Vulcan's strategic grip on its unit profitability expansion.
Vulcan anticipates a conservative decline in aggregate shipments, forecasting flat to a 4% drop for 2024. Nevertheless, residential construction shows a promising turnaround, with growing momentum in single-family housing, which may be counterbalanced by a cooling multifamily sector. Variability in private nonresidential construction is predicted to lessen shipments, while public infrastructure and highway projects, fueled by record state budgets and strong lendings, instill confidence in a mid-guidance achievement of another year of double-digit growth in adjusted EBITDA.
2023 has fortified Vulcan's financial posture, manifested by a robust operating cash flow of $1.5 billion and strategic disposition of non-essential assets. With over $900 million in cash reserves and a healthy debt-to-EBITDA ratio, the company lays out an operating blueprint that emphasizes asset portfolio optimization and a potential margin elevation in the year to come.
Vulcan projects an 11% increase in full-year adjusted EBITDA to fall between $2.15 billion and $2.3 billion, reflecting a deliberate strategy to amplify value through growth and technological innovation. Looming ahead are anticipated expenditures, including stable SAG expenses and projected depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion costs of approximately $610 million.
You don't have any saved screeners yet
Good morning, and welcome to everyone to the Vulcan Materials Company Fourth Quarter 2023 Earnings Call. My name is Carrie, and I will be your conference call coordinator today. Please be reminded that today's call is being recorded and will be available for replay later today at the company's website. [Operator Instructions]. Now I would like to turn the call over to your host, Mr. Mark Warren, Vice President of Investor Relations for Vulcan Materials. Mr. Warren, you may begin.
Thank you, operator. Let me start over. We'll get started on the earnings call here. Thank you, operator. Good morning, everyone. With me today are Tom Hill, Chairman and CEO; and Mary Andrews, Carlisle, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Today's call is accompanied by a press release and a supplemental presentation posted to our website, vulcanmaterials.com. Please be reminded that today's discussion may include forward-looking statements which are subject to risks and uncertainties. These risks, along with other legal disclaimers, are described in detail in the company's earnings release and in other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures are defined and reconciled in our earnings release, our supplemental presentation and other SEC filings. During the Q&A, we ask that you limit your participation to one question. This will allow us to accommodate as many as possible during our time we have available. And with that, I'll turn the call over to Tom.
Thank you, Mark, and thank all of you for your interest in Vulcan Materials Company. Our teams delivered an outstanding year in 2023 and achieved two significant milestones. We generated over [ $2 billion ] in adjusted EBITDA, and we surpassed $9 of aggregate cash gross profit per ton. We remain focused on continued growth, consistent execution and value creation for our shareholders. Our fourth quarter results again demonstrated the benefits of that focus and our aggregates-led business. We delivered a 27% year-over-year improvement in adjusted EBITDA, margin expansion in each of our three primary product lines and another 90 basis points of sequential improvement our trailing 12-month return on invested capital. In the aggregates segment, continued pricing momentum, coupled with moderating inflationary costs, resulted in $9.92 of aggregates cash gross profit per ton, a 21% improvement over the prior year. Our Vulcan Way of Selling and what we have operating disciplines continued to contribute to our commercial and operational results.
The fourth quarter performance marked 19 of 20 quarters over the past 5 years of sequential improvement in trailing 12-month aggregate unit profitability. A clear example of our consistent execution and the durability of our business. Aggregate shipments in the fourth quarter increased 2% compared to a weak prior year quarter that was impacted by abnormally wet and cold weather. Aggregates freight-adjusted price improved 14% in the quarter, pushing the year-to-date average selling price to $19 per ton a $2.60 per ton increase over the prior year. Freight adjusted unit cash cost increased 7% compared to the prior year quarter. This marks a third consecutive quarter of trailing 12-month deceleration in year-over-year cost. As we move into 2024, we are determined to continue controlling what we can control. most notably, the expansion of our aggregate unit profitability Pricing momentum remains a and we expect freight-adjusted aggregate price to grow from 12% for the full year. [indiscernible] cost pressures continue to moderate, and we expect freight-adjusted unit cash costs to increase mid-single digit in 2024, resulting in an attractive mid-teens improvement and cash gross profit time.
On the demand side, we continue to expect a moderate decline in 2024 with aggregate shipments forecast land within a range of flat to down 4% for the full year. Much like 2023, we see varying dynamics across different end uses. Let me provide some commentary on each end use. I'll start with residential, which has quickly entered recovery single-family housing permits and starts returned to growth in the second half of last year and momentum is accelerating across our footprint. We expect the strength in single-family construction activity to be offset by weaker multifamily starts as they pull back from historically high levels. Overall, the underlying fundamentals for residential construction activity remain firmly in place. Vulcan markets have low housing inventory levels and favorable demographics driving the need for additional housing. We continue to see distinct trends across various categories of private nonresidential construction, which we anticipate will result in a year-over-year decline in shipments to this end market. Moderating warehouse starts from recent historical high levels are expected to be the biggest headwind to private nonresidential construction.
Light commercial activity is expected to remain weak as uncertainty in the macro economy and higher interest rates persist. Manufacturing activity, however, remains a catalyst for nonresidential shipments and is concentrated in both in Vulcan States. We continue to ship on numerous large manufacturing projects, which offer customers a differentiated solution with our advantaged footprint and logistics capabilities. On the public side, demand backdrop is developing as expected, we began seeing modest growth in the second half of '23 and project accelerating demand into 2024. We Trailing 12-month highway starts have now surpassed $100 billion. 2024 state budgets are at record levels, and strong upcoming lendings are anticipated in many Vulcan States. We continue to see growth in both highways and infrastructure activities for the next several years. Coupling our anticipated unit profitability growth, with the demand backdrop I just described, at midpoint of our guidance, we project delivering a fourth consecutive year of double-digit growth in adjusted EBITDA. I'm very proud of our teams for what they have and will achieve. Now I'll turn the call over to Mary Andrews for some additional commentary on our 2023 performance and some more details around our 2024 outlook. Mary Andrews?
Thanks, Tom, and good morning. Our strong operational and strategic execution in 2023 set us up well to continue our long track record of growth through disciplined capital allocation and consistent execution. Over the last 10 years, we increased our revenues at an annual growth rate of 11%, grew our adjusted EBITDA at an annual growth rate of 16%, strengthened our free cash flow generation at an annual growth rate of 23% and improved our return on invested capital by 1,000 basis points. During 2023, we generated $1.5 billion of operating cash flow and received proceeds of over $700 million for the sales of noncore businesses and real estate. Having followed our long-standing capital allocation priorities of reinvesting in our franchise investing in attractive growth opportunity and returning cash to shareholders through both dividends and share repurchases. We ended the year with over $900 million of cash on hand and net debt to adjusted EBITDA leverage of 1.5x. Our balance sheet is a source of strength and provides us considerable financial flexibility to continue to grow. We will remain disciplined in optimizing our overall portfolio of assets as evidenced by the fourth quarter disposition of our Texas concrete business and sale of excess real estate in Northern Virginia. Our return on invested capital improved by 280 basis points over the last 12 months, and we are focused on continued improvement.
We also remain focused on continuing to drive value for the business through disciplined investments in SAG expenses to both support our organic growth initiatives and innovation through technology. SAG expenses as a percentage of revenue remained at 7% in 2023. Overall, we expanded our adjusted EBITDA margin by 360 basis points and project further expansion in 2024. Let me provide a few additional details around the 2024 guidance to supplement the demand, pricing and aggregates unit profitability outlook, Tom highlighted earlier. We expect our downstream businesses to contribute approximately $275 million in cash gross profit. Reflective of asphalt earnings consistent with 2023, contributing approximately 70% of the total and concrete earnings adjusted for the divestiture of our Texas concrete assets contributing approximately 30% of the total. We expect SAG expenses of between $550 million and $560 million, a modest low single-digit increase year-over-year. We project depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion expenses of approximately $610 million, interest expense of approximately $155 million and an effective tax rate between 22% and 23%.
In 2024, we plan to reinvest in our franchise through operating and maintenance and internal growth capital expenditures of between $625 million and $675 million. We expect another year of attractive growth in adjusted EBITDA and strong cash generation in 2024 despite a shift in construction demand environment. We forecast adjusted EBITDA of between $2.15 billion and $2.3 billion for the full year. At the midpoint, this represents an 11% organic improvement over 2023. We I'll now turn the call back over to Tom to provide a few closing remarks.
Thank you, Mary Andrews. Vulcan's culture and people are fundamental to our success. Our employees work tirelessly each day to deliver value to our customers, our communities and shareholders. And their meaningful contributions were highlighted with three unsolicited recognitions last year. Both materials was named one of the top 200 best companies to work for by U.S. News and World Report. One of America's most responsible companies 2024 by Newsweek, and was included in the American Opportunity Index, which measures how well large companies invest in their human talent to valve business performance and individual employee growth. I'm excited about what Vulcan Materials will achieve in 2024. We will remain focused on keeping our people safe, growing our business capitalizing on our vulcan Way of Selling and Vulcan Way of Operating Disciplines and continue to deliver value to our shareholders. Now Mary Andrews and I will be happy to take your questions.
[Operator Instructions]. And we'll take our first question from the line of Trey Grooms with Stephens.
Good morning, Tom and Mary Andrews. I guess I wanted to touch on aggregates pricing here. Obviously, a very strong performance last year and it looks like you're looking for another year of double-digit growth ahead here for pricing. So Tom, what's driving the confidence there as we move into '24 on the pricing outlook?
Trey, I think we saw a fundamental change in our markets in 2022. We realized in March of 2022 that we had runaway inflation. And so we took the lead in 2022 and pull mid-year prices forward to May 1 that year in every market. And then follow that up with we pulled all the 2023 price increases to January 1 where some of it been April 1. So I think today, the fundamentals for pricing is very, very good. And I think embedded in those fundamentals are three clear changes that we're seeing in our markets. One, there's more discipline and the price increases. Two, our aggregate price increases are now January, not April 1. And third, our midyear price increase conversations are expected in all markets. So we're in a really good place in pricing. It's probably a good place as we've been historically. And you couple that with the tools and disciplines of the volcano selling, I think our future looks very good.
Yes. Trey, I'll just add that headline pricing is one thing, but as we always like to remind people, the important thing is taking that price to the bottom line. And our 2023 cash gross profit per ton improved over 20% and expecting another year of attractive growth in 2024 in the mid-teens range. I think this shows our execution has us making quick progress towards our $11 to $12 target at much lower tonnage. So the compounding nature of this business really showcases its durability and I think the continuous opportunity for strong organic growth.
Our next question comes from the line of Stanley Elliott with Stifel.
Congratulations on the quarter and the outlook. Last question was a perfect lead-in. I was curious if you guys could talk a little bit more about kind of what you're seeing on the cost side, maybe how does this mid-single-digit sort of cost inflation that you're expecting in the coming year come together? Any puts and takes there would be great.
Thanks, Stanley. You saw the cost in the fourth quarter was up 7%, and that's down from what we've been seeing as low double-digit products I think it was like the third quarter raw work started to come down. So what we're seeing is the impact of inflation started to dampen. As we said, we saw -- we see this year in mid-single digit range. That said, I would expect this to go this way that cost is going to be highest year-over-year in Q1 and then tail off as we march through the year. That's due to two reasons. One, the easing inflationary pressures. But two, you're starting to see improving operating efficiencies from the Vulcan Way of Operations \. So you couple that together I think we're starting to catch up on the kind of runaway costs we've seen for a couple of years, and we'll -- I think we'll see improvement as we go through the year.
And our next question comes from the line of Kathryn Thompson with Thompson Research Group.
Two parts on the -- just more color on the volume guide bridge and what you're seeing from an end market perspective? I know you've had it in prepared commentary, but maybe a little bit more color just in terms of growth rates by end market. And in previous calls, you were able to give some quantification of what mega projects are of your total expected sales. So just a clarification on the earlier question on pricing. Does the pricing guidance, does that include the thought for midyear price increases? Or is it just carryover from previous pricing actions? Or is it a combination of both?
Yes, I'll take the midyear first. While there's not much in there from midyear price increases. Now we will or have announced new year price increases and should start those conversations in April. So I'm not saying there's no -- it's not in the plan, but we will for sure have the conversations are very little ups in the plan. On volume, as we talked about in November, we're predicting a modest decline in demand for '24. We see strength on the public side and kind of a mixed bag of strengths and weaknesses on the private side and I'll go through those. Highways steady growth wins rate, and we'll continue to see that ramp up, and we feel good about it, lots of funding there and is starting to be put to work. non-highway infrastructure will see solid growth in nonres, most sectors, I think, will be challenged. That would be traditional non-res, warehouses, distribution. And as you've talked about, that's partially offset in our footprint with the large industrial projects, and I think we have some 10 of those, and we talk about that later, but they're meaningful. While single family, what we saw was challenged in '23, it will be a strength for us in '24. It's back in the growth mode and recovering rapidly. At the same time, I think multifamily, as everybody knows, will be challenged. So as we said, we call volumes flat to negative 4. Now January, February were as everybody knows, we're both either a freeze out or a [ wash ] out or both. So we're seeing a slow start. That being said, it's still in January and February. So I think we feel very good about the full year guidance. So probably a modest decline in volumes for '24. That said, we should still see healthy double-digit earnings growth.
Yes. Kathryn, I'll give you a couple of other things to think about regarding Q1 volume that may be helpful context. Last February was seasonally adjusted the strongest single months of shipments we had in 2023 and the strongest February in at least the last 10 years. And all our simply given the way the calendar falls, we'll have approximately 10% fewer shipping days in March, which, clearly, we all know is the most important month of the quarter. Now the good news there is that's just timing. We picked those days back up in April. But from a Q1 perspective, it will be impactful. So overall, volumes will be challenged in the first quarter. pricing will be strong, and it should fall within our guidance range. And I would expect that paired with the probable volume impacts to cost I'd expect maybe mid- to high single-digit growth in cash gross profit per ton in the first quarter still with the very attractive mid-teens improvement for the full year.
SP1 And we'll take our next question from the line of Anthony Pettinari with Citi.
You talk a little bit more about capital allocation. And we've seen a number of, I guess, very large deals, construction materials over the past few months. Just wondering if you could talk about potential attractiveness of M&A and what the pipeline might look like from your perspective in 2024?
Yes, sure. Anthony, the balance sheet is really well positioned to fund all of our capital allocation priorities in 2024, particularly M&A growth. As we mentioned, we ended the year with over $900 million of cash and net leverage of 1.5x. So we'll think about capital allocation in 2024, very consistently as we have in the past, that there is a very attractive M&A pipeline and that's what we're focused on in terms of being able to deploy the capacity that we have. And I'll let Tom, do you want to make any more comments on the pipeline?
Sure. Well, I think -- if I step back and look at it, ours is a 3-pronged strategy to growth, and it's very effective and has provided us with double-digit revenues and EBITDA for the last 3 years and a little again in 2024. And those three are: number one, organic growth is the one we're selling, but we have operating, which you see us do. And we've been very consistent. We've been able to grow those unit margins for -- consistently for 5 years; Second, as you talked about is M&A. I think M&A, while it was pretty quiet in '23 with a lot of unknowns out there, I think it will be very busy in 2024. I would expect us to bring some deals to the finish line; And then I would -- supplementing that M&A is greenfield growth, which is picking up, and we have a handful of those projects beginning this year and will take a little bit of time to get through that and we get a little closer to it. We'll talk about some of those. But I feel really good about growth strategy and M&A, I think, will be a much bigger part of it in '24 than what we saw in '23.
And our next question comes from the line of Jerry Revich with Goldman Sachs.
Tom, Mary Andrews, I wanted to ask, in the fourth quarter, your margin performance was really outstanding sequentially, a full point ahead of normal seasonality. So it looks like costs are already starting to come down for you folks. Can you just talk about what improved in the quarter? And is there an opportunity if some of those improvements continue for costs to be at the lower end of the growth outlook that you outlined in the prepared remarks, Tom.
Well, I think what you're seeing is, as I said earlier, two things, you're moderating inflationary pressures or the comparisons get a lot easier. And I think we'll continue to see that. But also if you look at our operating parameters and remember, we put the automation and the insights and the technology and the top 100 plants over last year, you're starting to see those things go to work, which helps us with and throughput of critical sizes. So I think that as we march through 2024, I think our costs should improve sequentially as we go through the quarter. Now weather can have a hiccup on that or one big outages can have a hit on that. But overall, I would expect our costs to continue to improve over the next 4 or 5 quarters.
And our next question comes from the line of Phil Ng with Jefferies.
Congrats on a really strong quarter. So Tom, last year, your pricing philosophy, I think, was to go big to start the year on aggregate pricing and take a more measured approach on mid-years. If I've heard you correctly, you're at least having a conversation on midyear is ready. So just give a little color on how you're thinking about your approach and velocity this year, and a more moderating inflationary environment, do you think double-digit pricing is kind of the new norm going forward?
Well, as I said, I think we're in a very, very good place from a pricing perspective based on the fundamentals that we're seeing and also the Vulcan was selling those tools help us dramatically in bid work. I think that we went early as we have, and I think that will continue in January 1, which helps -- obviously helps -- we think we were appropriate in our Jan 1 prices. We've announced mid-years in a few markets already. I think over the next -- probably the next beginning end of the quarter, we'll probably announce it midyear for the other markets. And obviously, you spent April, May and June, having those conversations so that you're ready for July last August for a mid-year price increase. So I think that what those -- the fact that it's all in January and the fact that everybody expects to have conversations about midyear price increases, I think, is very important for our markets.
And then double-digit pricing, is that like the new norm going forward?
I feel good about pricing.
our next question from the line of Michael Feniger with Bank of America.
Tom, to follow up on just the pricing. Can you just -- the cadence of pricing for this year? You gave great color on the cadence of how you think cost plays out. Just on pricing, do you think about the end of the year, are you still kind of in that 10% to 12% range? Or are you below it because you start strong? Just kind of how we should think about that?
No. I think the pricing will be pretty consistent through the year in the 10% to 12% range. I don't see big changes in that. Now you also got to -- in the third quarter, you got to see what happens with mid-year. And we'll have that conversation after we get past July 1, to give you a lot more clarity because we'll just have a clear picture of it. And every market is going to be different. They always are. But I would call it, pretty consistent low double-digit pricing throughout the year.
Great. And Tom, just to follow up, you gave great color on kind of the volumes, your shipment growth with the different segments. Just when we think of say fast forward to 2025, and obviously, we'll see how 2024 plays out. But are you in a similar range in 2025 with the volume kind of guidance and it's underpinned by growth in infrastructure. Can you just help us understand how that informs pricing relative to maybe if it's being driven by residential or private construction market how having it underpinned by infrastructure, had that kind of maybe shift the pricing conversations.
I would tell you that my philosophy is all demand growth are good things. I don't care where it comes well, I like it. But the pricing between public and private, there's really not a big difference there. The -- I think the one thing I would call out, the good thing about public demand is it's very visible, and it's for sure. I mean on the private side, people could hold projects or delay them. But public growth is going to go to work. It's not a matter of if, it's when. And so that visibility to growing demand on the public side is really good for pricing. But a ton of concrete, for public or private is probably the same number. The difference is the public, people know it's there. They know it's coming, and they can take risk on value and price.
And we'll take our next question from the line of Mike Dahl with RBC Capital Markets.
Just back on kind of the M&A and capital allocation. You raised some pretty healthy funds from the RMC sale. And Texas, it seems like that was the last big chunk side from maybe California of the legacy U.S. Concrete assets. So I just wanted to have you elaborate a little more on kind of rationale behind making the move now. And then as you think about reallocation, you mentioned M&A, there's organic investments. I mean you obviously now are have pretty healthy cap position. So relative -- this was asked before, but ag-specific pipeline and relative size of the deals that you think are potentially out there that can cross the finish line this year? Or anything you can provide there?
The M&A is more traditional bolt-on, I think, which is very much in our footprint, so highest returns. Deal sizes, everything from small to mid-range, maybe a little better some bigger than mid-range. But I think that as far as the timing is concerned, I think '23 was [indiscernible], I guess, quiet, and it was because there was so much in security about are we going to fall off a cliff? Is there going to be a recession. And so when you have all those unknowns, people tend to slow down both buyers and sellers. And I think that the fact you got that behind you, you'll see some catch-up in 2024.
And rationale for exiting the ready-mix assets.
Well, I think if you look at our assets, we look at our business as a collection of assets. And if there were more to someone besides us, and it's not strategic, then there ought to be another owner, and we'll take that money and apply it back in the aggregates business. And so this is no different than what you've seen us do and we exit businesses at times and we exit different product lines at times. And so this will make sense strategically for us to sell the [ Texas Rami ] business.
And we'll take our next question from the line of Keith Hughes with Truist.
Just to shift over to asphalt and concrete, you gave guidance down a good bit in cash. Gross profit versus prior year. Can you talk a little bit more in detail what's going on in what you expect in '24.
Yes. I think the asphalt performance in a 13% gross margin was a really good performance. Now if you look back about 3 years ago, everybody was asked me why don't sell that asphalt business and now everybody wants to buy more. So that's just the asphalt business. But 13% is a good number. So it's performing well. We see flat at very high levels for 2024. And I would call that hot mix price increases offsetting increasing liquid costs and increasing are costs. So asphalt in a very good place, and we like our story there, and I think that those teams are performing well. Ready mix, I'd call it, virtually flat with the private side in some challenged markets. That affects the ready-mix business. But it's not a bad performance based on some of the private challenges we had. But remember, is 2% of our EBITDA. So I think under the circumstances, both businesses are doing fine.
Yes. And just in terms of ready-mix, Keith, just maybe a couple of things helpful to think about the impact of the divestiture. Our expectations in 2024 for a modest decline in same-store volumes, which were about 4 million cubic yards in 2023. And we expect kind of consistent gross margin performance. I think longer term about that. I think that there are low single -- I mean our low double-digit expectations are still what we're pushing for. That's going to take time and better volumes to get there. But one thing about 2024, where we expect relatively flat gross margins with the weight of the noncash fixed cost on the volume challenges that Tom mentioned, really driven by private non-res. We do expect to see some expansion in cash gross profit margins and also improved unit profitability given the markets where we've retained our concrete businesses.
And we'll take our next question from the line of Garik Shmois with Loop Capital.
Congrats on the results. wanted to follow up on the cost side. I know it's a little bit more favorable than the preliminary outlook you offered on the 3Q call and you spoke to some broad-based deflation getting better as you move through the year, operational improvements helping as well. Anything in particular though that's changed or has gotten better since the last call that you could point to on the cost side, that would be helpful.
Yes. I think what you're seeing there is the Vulcan Way of Operating and efficiencies in those plants. And that's what embedded in that is technology. It is training, which is so important from a safety perspective, but also from a plan of availability and inspection of that equipment. And then you're seeing our throughputs of crop size is starting to improve. So it's a combination of easing inflationary pressures, comps kind of level out, but also those operating efficiencies are really, really important to making sure that we -- our job is to beat inflation, not just live with it.
And we'll take our next question from the line of Angel Castillo with Morgan Stanley.
I thought I heard you say, I guess, that given the kind of capital that you have, you still have the ability to kind of organic, inorganic and return capital to shareholders. So I just wanted to expand on that a little bit. It sounds like on the M&A front, you're looking at more bolt-ons. And if I did the math correctly, just moving to the midpoint of your kind of leverage allows you to have at least another kind of $2 billion of, kind of, capital that you can deploy, which seems plenty for both M&A as well as other ways of kind of returning cash to shareholders. So maybe just could you talk about buyback intentions for the year and then also willingness of potentially levering up above your range -- historical range for the right opportunities and returning cash shareholders?
Yes, sure. As you referenced, I think we're really well positioned to be able to fund all of our capital allocation priorities in 2024. And as it relates to returning cash to shareholders, doing that via repurchases has long been a part of our capital allocation priorities. I think appropriately following reinvesting in the business, growing the business through both M&A and greenfield and returning cash through our sustainable dividend. But with the attractive cash generation and you saw with the slower M&A in 2023, we did repurchase $200 million of shares. And we would enter 2024 thinking about making those capital allocation decisions in the same kind of disciplined manner. And in terms of leverage, I think for us, regardless of where we are, in the -- against kind of our target leverage range. What's important is being disciplined about doing the right deals and the deals that are going to have attractive returns for us. And we certainly have over time, levered up even outside the top end of that range with plans to always quickly get back within that 2 to 2.5x that we tend to target.
And we'll take our next question from the line of Michael Dudas with Vertical Research.
Curious about your thoughts. You indicated a positive trend for civil public infrastructure and record [ pharma ] transportation budgets. How are -- are they prepared and ready to pull through when you see some of the budget numbers in your important states. I'm also curious on how things in California because you hear certainly, Caltrans is the budget there, but certainly, there could be some other issues there. So just a little bit of sense on the public side in your important states, how you see the opportunities for bidding and project work going forward.
Yes. I think they're still challenged, but they are because they got so much money, it's a lot for them to digest, but they are growing into it. And as I've said, we'll see solid growth in highways in '24. We saw low single digit in '23. We expect mid-single digit in '24 kind of as expected. But also, we got to remember that I passed in November of '21. So we're just past that 2-year mark and we say it takes 2 years. As we've said, it will be a ramp-up, not a step change in this. And I think it will be a ramp up over time. And I think that the DOTs are growing into their capital added resources and the lettings continue to be healthy. There's a lot of money out there. But I would -- what I would see here, I think, is kind of slow and steady wins the race, and we'll see improving growth in '24 kind of mid-single digit. I think that will go up in '25 again. I think that demand will go up from '26 and also think it will go up in '27. So that slow and steady improvement in public isn't bad particularly when you're compounding unit margins like we are. As far as Caltrans, I think they'll be fine. There's always some rules numerous times in Caltrans and funding and people trying to grab it. But remember, it is firewalled. It has to be used for infrastructure.
And we'll take our last question from the line of Brent Thielman with DA Davidson.
I guess a clarification question on the ready-mix business, the time over last 12 months, can you sort of level set us on what that business is now sized to do? I think you did 7.5 million cubic yards is $23 million. Where do we go from here? And I guess my other question, and kind of the last is I think we've all been sort of worried about the inputs of some of this light nonresidential activity, sort of more interest rate-sensitive sectors hitting your business. Could you talk about to what degree that's actually had an impact? Has it been more resilient than you would have expected?
I'll take that one first, and then I'll let Maria just take the ready mix. I think it's been fairly weak for us. Obviously, offices has been but last year, the light side was pretty weak. So kind of more game on that, still challenged by interest rates. And my -- I would tell you that my view of that is that the more traditional ex office building, more traditional light nonresidential construction usually follows creation of subdivisions. And so we're back in growth mode in those subdivisions. So I would expect us sometime maybe '25, middle '25, that starts to impact that sector of the light red. So it probably has a brighter future than what we've seen in '23 and '24. But kind of -- what I got described, '24 is more of the same at '23.
Yes. And in terms of ready-mix, we completed the divestiture of the Texas Concrete in mid-November and have disclosed that was about 4 million cubic yards annually. So that puts us in 2023 at about 4 million cubic yards on a same-store basis. We would expect those volumes to decline modestly in our 2024 outlook of those cash gross profit dollars being 30% of that $2.75 kind of, as I said, consistent from a gross margin percentage standpoint, with 2023, a bit of expansion from a cash gross profit percentage standpoint. And in that business, we're focused on continuing to improve that margin performance over time for the retained assets that we have, which we believe are in very attractive and well-structured ready-mix markets.
And we have no further questions at this time. I'll turn the call back over to Tom for any closing remarks.
Thank you for your time this morning. We appreciate your interest in Vulcan Materials Company. We look forward to talking to you throughout the quarter. Please keep yourselves and your family safe. Thank you.
This concludes today's conference. Thank you for your participation, and you may now disconnect.