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Thank you for standing by. My name is Bhavesh, and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Motorcar Parts of America Fiscal 2024 Second Quarter Conference Call and Webcast. [Operator Instructions] I will now hand the call over to Gary Maier, VP of Communications and Investor Relations with Motorcar Parts of America. You may begin your conference.
Thank you. Thanks, everyone, for joining us today. Before I turn the call over to Selwyn Joffe, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer; and David Lee, the company's Chief Financial Officer. Let me remind everyone of the safe harbor statement included in today's press release. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for certain forward-looking statements, including statements made during today's conference call. Such forward-looking statements are based on the company's current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on the company. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting the company will be those anticipated by Motorcar Parts of America. Actual results may differ from those projected in these forward-looking statements.
These forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond the control of the company and are subject to change based upon various factors. In particular, expectations about anticipated future growth and opportunities with customers and may not be achieved. The company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. For a more detailed discussion of some of the ongoing risks and uncertainties of the company's business, I refer you to the company's various filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. I would now like to begin the call and turn it over to Selwyn.
Thank you, Gary. I appreciate everyone joining us today. We were encouraged by record sales and record gross profit for the quarter and 6 months and solid cash flow from operating activities. The company generated approximately $15 million of cash from operating activities during the quarter. For the 6-month period, the company used approximately $5 million in operating activities. However, I should mention, had we not intentionally decided to lower collection of receivables by $35 million as of September 30, we would have generated approximately $30 million of positive cash from operating activities for the 6-month period, predominantly coming in the second quarter. Using the customer supply chain vendor finance programs, we have the option to draw down on customer payments at any time, which David will explain in more detail.
Industry trends remain favorable, and we are seeing improving operational efficiencies with increasing sales volume. We are continuing our focus on leveraging our strengths, including our solid customer relationships, highly regarded product quality, industry-leading SKU coverage and quality, not to mention our value-added merchandising and marketing support. In summary, our operating efficiency improvements, along with increased overhead absorption from higher sales and production and price increases all bode well for margin expansion. Our quarterly results reflect the benefit of some price increases, and we anticipate additional benefits from further price increases for the balance of the year. We are excited with our positive cash flow generation for the quarter and remain focused on neutralizing working capital as much as possible for the balance of the year.
Our initiatives include increasing gross profit and operating income, managing our inventory as a percentage of sales and implementing programs to extend days outstanding on accounts payable. As a reminder, we expect sales for fiscal 2024 to be between $720 million and $740 million, representing between 5.4% and 8.3% year-over-year growth, respectively. With respect to cash flow, our expectation is to continue to generate cash. David will expand upon this in a few minutes. Regarding year-end guidance, we expect operating income before the impact of the noncash and cash items and before depreciation and amortization to be between $90 million and $95 million. To provide more details before -- to provide more details before the noncash foreign exchange impact of lease liabilities and forward contracts, the noncash impact of revaluation of cores and customer shelves and supply chain disruptions. Operating income for fiscal 2024 is expected to be between $60 million and $65 million. We estimate other noncash items will be approximately $16 million including core and finished goods premium amortization and share-based compensation. And cash expenses were approximately $2 million for special EV-related R&D expenses that impact operating income.
Depreciation and amortization are estimated to be approximately $12 million. In short, for the fiscal 2024 2nd half, we expect to continue to enhance our gross margins across the board and enhance our cash flow. Our multiyear strategic initiatives and favorable industry dynamics bode well for the company, and we are extremely well positioned for sustainable top and bottom line growth in our hard parts business as well as testing solutions.
Now let me expand a bit further and provide some updates to other drivers of our business to support our ability to achieve our longer-term financial targets. We continue to experience meaningful traction with customers and consumers with the launch of our break related product lines with operating efficiency improvements continuing as volume increases and with fixed cost absorption. We will continue to expand [indiscernible] sales in Mexico with multiple product lines as our customers experienced increased demand for aftermarket products. We are receiving increasing orders and new customer interest for our test solutions and diagnostic equipment, in particular, our benchtop testers for alternators and starters from major automotive retailers and distributors to the professional installer.
Major global automotive, aerospace and research institutions for electric clerical mobility, product development and design, continue to purchase our equipment and utilize our Detroit Tech Center testing services. Lastly, the Apex show last week was very positive, and the outlook for new business remains very strong. We continue to be well positioned to address both the internal combustion engine market and the emerging electrical vehicle market with product functionality and applications across both markets. Industry data continues to support our view that strong demand for our internal combustion engine applications and our broad line of nondiscretionary aftermarket parts will be here for decades, notwithstanding electric vehicle growth, which still represents a small percentage of the overall car. I'll now turn the call over to David to review our results in greater detail.
Thank you, Selwyn, and good morning, everyone. I encourage everyone to read the earnings press release issued this morning as well as the 10-Q that will be filed later today. Let me first provide key highlights for the fiscal second quarter. Net sales for the 3 months increased 14% to a record $196.6 million. Gross margin increased by 5.5 percentage points. Gross profit increased 55.2% to a record $41.1 million, and the company generated approximately $15 million cash from operating activities. I should mention that gross profit for the quarter was impacted by noncash items as well as cash items. The noncash items reflect core and finished good premium amortization and revaluation of cores on customer shelves, which are unique to certain of our products and required by GAAP. The total for these noncash items in the quarter was approximately $4.7 million. A more detailed explanation of core accounting is available on our website, and I would encourage anyone with questions about this topic to review the video.
Second quarter gross margin was 20.9% compared with 15.4% a year earlier. Gross margin was impacted by 2.4% from the previously mentioned noncash items as well as 1.6% from cash items as detailed in Exhibit 3 of this morning's earnings press release. In summary, in addition to the noncash and cash items explained previously, gross margin for the fiscal year '24 second quarter reflects the partial benefit of price increases that went into effect during the current quarter and operating efficiencies as well as changes in product mix. Operating expenses were $27.2 million compared with $24.7 million in the prior year period. This included a noncash expense of $4.8 million for the foreign exchange impact of lease liabilities and forward contracts compared with a prior year noncash expense of $1.1 million. The remaining $1.1 million of operating expense decreases included cost reduction initiatives.
Net loss for the fiscal year '24 second quarter improved to $2 million or $0.10 per share from a net loss of $6.5 million or $0.34 per share a year ago. As detailed in Exhibit 1 of this morning's earnings press release, noncash items impacted results for the quarter by $8.7 million or $0.44 per share and cash items by a $2.7 million impact or $0.14 per share. In addition to the above noncash and cash items, results for the quarter were impacted by the previously mentioned items that impacted gross margins. As Selwyn mentioned, results are expected to benefit moving forward as the full impact of certain price increases realized combined with higher sales volumes. Results for the fiscal second quarter were impacted by $6.1 million or $0.23 per share of higher interest expenses, primarily due to higher market interest rates related to the supply chain vendor finance programs. Interest expense was $15.4 million compared with $9.3 million for last year. We have received meaningful annualized price increases, which will contribute to net income enhancement.
Income tax benefit was $46,000 compared with an income tax benefit of $914,000 the same period a year ago. I should mention that the effective tax rate for the fiscal second quarter was affected in part due to the inability to recognize the benefit of losses at specific foreign jurisdictions. However, we expect that these losses will be utilized against future profits, which will benefit future tax rates. In short, there are various factors impacting the tax effect. EBITDA for the second quarter was $16.3 million. EBITDA was impacted by $11.6 million of noncash items and impacted by $3.5 million in cash items. Before the impact of noncash and cash items mentioned above, was $31.4 million for the second quarter. EBITDA for the prior year second quarter was $4.9 million. EBITDA was impacted by $6.7 million of noncash items as well as $5.1 million in cash items. EBITDA before the impact of noncash and cash items mentioned above, was $16.7 million for the prior year second quarter.
Now let me discuss the 6 months results. Net sales for the fiscal '24 6-month period increased 5.9% to a record $356.3 million from $336.5 million. Gross profit for the fiscal '24 6-month period increased to a record $67.7 million from $56.8 million a year earlier. Gross margin for the fiscal '24 6-month period was 19% compared with 16.9% a year earlier. Gross margin for the fiscal '24 6-month period was impacted by $8.1 million or 2.3% of noncash items and $5.2 million or 1.5% of cash items. Net loss for the fiscal '24, 6-month period improved to $3.4 million or $0.70 per share from a net loss of $6.7 million or $0.35 per share a year ago. Results were impacted by noncash items totaling $9.1 million or $0.47 per share and cash items totaling $4.4 million or $0.23 per share as detailed in Exhibit 2.
Results are expected to benefit from various initiatives that will be realized as I discussed earlier, concerning price increases and higher sales volume. EBITDA for the fiscal '24 6-month period was $29.6 million. EBITDA was impacted by $12.2 million of noncash items as well as $5.9 million in cash items. EBITDA before the impact of noncash and cash items mentioned above, was $47.7 million for the current period. EBITDA for the prior year fiscal '23 6-month period was $15.4 million. EBITDA was impacted by $12.2 million of noncash items as well as $8.9 million in cash items. EBITDA before the impact of noncash and cash items mentioned above, was $36.5 million for the prior year 6-month period.
Now, we will move on to cash flow and key corporate items. The company generated approximately $15 million of cash from operating activities during the quarter with expectations that strong operating cash flow will continue for the balance of the fiscal year. During this period, the company intentionally deferred collecting approximately $15 million of receivables offered through its customer supply chain vendor finance programs, which resulted in lowering cash flow by that amount and interest expense savings of approximately $1 million. This enabled the company to defer interest expenses until price increases for interest rates are fully recognized.
Additionally, the company used its liquidity to pay down the $11.25 million balance of its term loan. Interest rates on the term loan were approximately 2 percentage points higher than rates offered by the company's customer supply chain vendor finance programs. In short, we will continue throughout the year to monitor interest expense levels and opportunities to reduce interest based on the timing of monetizing customer payments. We can elect when to be paid through the customers' supply chain vendor finance programs offered and we pay the proportional discount rate. We expect to generate an increase in operating profit on a year-over-year basis for fiscal '24, supported by organic growth from customer demand and operating efficiencies from a now completed footprint expansion and generate positive cash flow for fiscal '24.
In addition to our goal of generating increased operating profits, we are diligently focused on opportunities to neutralize working capital growth, including customer product demand planning, enhanced inventory management and improving vendor payment terms. Our investments are and will further bear fruit. We are gratified by the ongoing success of our expanded operations in Mexico and the growth momentum of our emerging brake categories, along with expectations of increasing financial performance from both new and existing product lines.
Our net debt at the end of the quarter, excluding our convertible note, was approximately $155 million, while total cash and availability was approximately $112 million. For further explanation, on the reconciliation of items that impact results and non-GAAP financial measures, please refer to Exhibits 1 through 5 in this morning's earnings press release. I would now like to open the line for questions.
[Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from the line of Matt Koranda from ROTH MKM.
Just wanted to start off with the traditional question around the breakdown in revenue between rotating electrical wheel hub, the brake products and other?
Matt, so for the second quarter, rotating electrical was 67%. Wheel hub, 9%. Brake-related products was 20% and others was 4%.
Okay. Got it. And in terms of the growth that you're getting out of break, can you maybe just talk about sort of how we should think about the new business that's rolling on there? I know you're expecting a bit of a ramp up. There's growth in the quarter, obviously, and there was last quarter, but it feels like still there's a bit more on the come for the back half. Maybe just talk about sort of how we should think about the growth expectations in the brake products side of the business.
Yes. I think things are going well in general across the board for our product lines. The brake business is continuing to grow, lots of opportunities, I mean significant opportunities that we're preparing for. So I think just in general, Matt, we feel real good about the current state of our business and demand for our products, including brakes.
Okay. And then on Wheel hub, I noticed, I guess it's down for the second quarter in a row here that has been sort of in a bit of decline in the last year. Maybe just speak to sort of the dynamics that are happening there. I think there was some seasonality in the last few quarters, but maybe just could you talk about the dynamics at play with the Wheel hub business?
Yes. I think that business is slightly slower right now. I'm not sure exactly why just unfortunately, there's no real specific data that says that should be slower of [indiscernible]. Ultimately, it should grow. But overall, again, I go back to the overall just the environment out there is positive for product lines. And hopefully, we'll see resumption on the Wheel hub growth. I can't give you too much insight other than we expect it to grow, just being unseasonably a little bit slower.
Okay. Got it. And then just implied in the growth outlook that you have for the year, is sort of high single-digit percentage growth for the back half, if I can use the midpoint -- the guidance that you've given. You guys have put in place like a decent amount of price and taking several rounds of pricing to my knowledge. I assume also you probably get some volume lift, maybe just could you speak to sort of the -- how much lift you think you're going to get from price in the back half of the year versus sort of volume and then just maybe any commentary selling on inventory positions at your customers, where do they sit in terms of being maybe in line with where you need them to be versus light or a little heavy?
Okay. A lot of pieces in that question. I mean, let's just talk about pricing. We talked about pricing making up for the increased interest rates. I mean, we're very comfortable that that's going to happen. We will see incremental pricing in the next quarters that have already been committed to and we remain committed to passing on inflationary costs, whether it be an interest or other expenses through -- and so whatever that ends up being all end up being, but we do have good visibility on already approved pricing increases. .
The other side of it is volume for all of our products is up. And we're off to a good start this quarter, and we expect volume to continue to be driven. We've talked about the fundamentals of the after market, I mean there are tailwinds and aging car fleet, an average age continues to go up. Miles-driven continues to be positive. And so these cars are going to fail and need nondiscretionary parts that we're talking about. So I don't see any product lines that we have in decline mode. I mean I do see obviously, wheel hubs, but there's no fundamental that says that wheel hubs will not recover. And so all of our product lines look good. I think as we ramp up and experience these greater margins, I mean, these quarters are becoming more the norm for us. And we have better overhead absorption, our efficiency get better and as we take on new business, which, again, we expect to take on over the next. I mean, hopefully, for the foreseeable future. We should see margin accretion, we should see volume growth, and we should see positive cash flow.
Inventory, we are building a little bit of inventory right now. I mean, just because the outlook for our sales is very positive. And so to keep up with that, we are building inventory. We do have new business that we're ramping up for as well. And so there will be some inventory increase. I do expect receivables to come down in time as we go forward. So the actual cash flow will be seen. We'll catch up the collections of receivables. We have the option to take it whenever we want. They're sitting there waiting for us. So liquidity is as strong as it's ever been and we expect to see that in positive cash flow numbers.
I don't know if I answered all your questions. It was a lot in your question, but.
Yes, I'm good at asking 1,000 questions embedded. Okay. So -- so is pricing action complete at this point? I guess we put there so many rounds. Are there more to come? Can you help us understand sort of the timing of anything incremental that you're doing?
Well, I think for sure, you'll see more price increases in this current quarter that are still rolling in and even some more in the fourth quarter. And for now, that's correct. But I mean, again, depending on inflationary costs, we will monitor it, and we'll have to see. I mean hopefully, at interest rates stabilize, it looks like. But if we see increases there, we intend to increase prices to make up for it.
Okay. Got it. Just a couple more quick ones. So the outlook, if I sort of look at the implied margin in the back half of your year, looks like you're assuming it gets a little worse than sort of what you put up in the second quarter. But I'm just -- with all the pricing that you put through, the volume lift you're getting, maybe some mix benefits and cost absorption why should it be the case that margins erode relative to the second quarter?
Yes. Look, we're being very conservative. It's just that simple. I mean, there should be no reason we're sitting here, we're experiencing extreme tailwinds to our business, positive things to our business. At the same time, we've been very cautious about about changing the outlook, but things will look positive for us right now. And there's no reason that it should get worse.
Okay. And then just lastly, can you level set everybody on cash flow expectations for the rest of the year? I know you deferred or you said you deferred like $15 million in AR collection. So that's a good guide for the third quarter -- maybe just speak to can we expect positive cash flow from operations in the third quarter and the fourth quarter of this year? And then maybe just if you want to thread in or talk about any of the inventory or AR dynamics that we should think about for the rest of the year as it pertains to working capital?
Yes. So working capital neutrality is probably becoming a buzz word for NPA internally. So first of all, let me answer your question is, yes, we expect positive cash flow for the back 6 months. We generated $30 million -- essentially generated $30 million in the first 6 months. we don't know why we couldn't do that in the back 6 months that we'll have to wait and see. The other side of it is, I mean, increased gross margins, increased EBITDA, increased work on days outstanding on payables and neutralizing working capital. Yes, there will be some growth in working capital for the new business that comes on. No question about that, but that will be quickly reversed as that new business kicks in and the sales kick in from that. But we're -- again, we're very focused on cash flow. We're very focused on stable growth and we expect things to continue on this trend line.
Okay. I appreciate all the answers, so and I'll leave it there.
Our next question comes from the line of Brian Nagel from Oppenheimer. .
This is William Dawson on for Brian. So you discussed that demand remains strong, and that's consistent with the update that you gave back in August. Can you just discuss broadly the drivers of the strength. And I wanted to ask about for guidance, any range of outcomes that you've potentially embedded in perhaps the key areas of upside and downside?
Yes. So again, what's driving our business is, number one, we continue to have great market share. Number two, we have price increases. And the most important piece is that the fundamentals of the aftermarket continue to be really strong. And our customers' inventory level, someone asked, I didn't answer that properly in the last question. I'll address that now. Customers need inventory. There's no -- this is nondiscretionary parts when the consumer needs to replace that part. The customer has it. We don't believe that there's excess inventory in the channel at all. We think there's still opportunity for growth in inventory in the channel, quite frankly. And so that's another tailwind. And the average age of the car park continues to go up, miles driven seems to be at least stable to positive. And so I just -- I don't see -- we have, as an industry, every now and again, you get a blip in the product demand and people try and describe what that is, but it's somewhat of an unknown. But overall, these cars need these replacements and they're going to have it. And so I think there's overall strength everywhere for us. .
I think the upsides for us are new business opportunities that we have and that we're ramping up for. So there's upside there. I think there's upside in the margin opportunity, clearly from price increases, but also from overall production efficiencies. Challenges are, you never know again whether can cause short-term blips. There's always a risk that you can lose business, but we hope we're not on that side of it, and we don't expect that. But overall, we've used the outlook for our business very positively right now.
And to follow up, just on your point, have you seen any short-term lifts that -- do you suspect that there has been at all any deferral amid power inflation. And then to that point, is there any point at which you think price elasticity comes into play just with the cost increases for purchases?
Yes. So I mean we've had blips. I mean we've had some large customers have had some challenges and that they're coming out of that. And they're still coming out of that. So there's some more upside in that. So that has caused some blips for us. I mean our fundamentals for our business have been really strong, but we had some unusual customer bluff in our last fiscal year. So we see the back of that. We're optimistic that all of our customers continue to be strong. I think we see a little slower ramp-up in some parts of our brick business, but very strong. But -- and that's because of some slowdown in changeovers, but we expect that to recover. .
So again, I think, overall, there's some deferral in demand in our product lines. I think that's coming. But again, the day-to-day fundamentals or register fundamentals that we see for our product lines look really positive. In terms of price elasticity, we have nondiscretionary products. So I mean to the extent that these products cost more and it's valid, I mean we expect that demand should not be affected by price increases. I think that overall, the consumer choices to either repair the vehicle or scrap it. And if you look at the relative value of the vehicle versus the repair, the repair makes all the sense in the world, unless they're absolutely unable to make a repair, then they have to resort to public transportation. But we see the nondiscretionary nature basically overcoming any pricing obstacles or short-term pricing obstacles and that those prices can be pushed through and should stick and the disproportionate value of the repair is still very much positive for the consumer. I mean, alternator starters, et cetera, et cetera, the cost of them compared to the value of the vehicles and the alternatives are miniscule. So we see plenty of upside.
That's very helpful. So another question that I wanted to touch on was from our team regarding factoring and interest rates. On that topic, you've all called out price increases for the third and fourth quarters to help compensate for the higher interest rates. Can you discuss NPA's ability to pass on these higher costs to customers? And as you've done with the election not to draw down on the factoring, last quarter, what tools can you use to mitigate and manage the higher interest expense?
Look, there's not a lot of tools that we see out there to manage the high interest. It is what it is. I mean, at the end of the day, we feel that we deserve a fair price, and that includes charging for these interest rates. And for these, certainly, the accelerated interest rates. And so we have been passing them through. It's not -- never easy to get price increases, but we absolutely must have them. I mean, I think every supplier must have them because I mean this is a true cost, it's a cash cost, and so we need to make up for it. So I think we'll continue to pass them through and from where we are right now. And Hopefully, they at least stay stable and eventually start moving downwards. But, but we intend to pass it through. And unfortunately, this is part of the -- all costs get eventually passed on to the consumer. The consumer makes a judgment on whether you will continue to spend on that particular product. In our case, it's nondiscretionary and the value quotient is extremely positive even with the price increase. .
And quickly follow-up on that. These forthcoming price increases in Q3 and Q4, did they compensate you for the current level of interest rates. And one reason I ask is to be able to understand the likelihood of future cost increases [indiscernible].
We're not there yet. I mean it compensates for a lot of the increase, but we think we should be getting more. I mean, again, I'd just say that as an industry participant. I'm not advocating that we are going to get them or not going to get them, and we'll have to wait and see. But again, we believe that these -- the factoring rates extend the term for the customer and the customer has to pay for those extended terms. And so -- and the working capital cost. And I don't think I'm unique in that field, I think that the entire supply chain feels that way. So well, it's a difficult discussion. I think it's one that's pretty clear. And so I think that everybody needs strong suppliers out there and the consumer needs to have products.
I mean the goal goes down for the consumer. The consumer needs these products to keep their vehicles on the road. If not for companies like ourselves, the car park would be substantially damaged in terms of being able to be repaired. So the entire aftermarket or supply chain needs to be -- needs to be viable, and that includes the cost of interest.
And the last question, if I may, from our team was just on the framing the opportunity the longer-term opportunity from some of these -- some of these focuses that are beyond the more mature [indiscernible] part business, which is the, I guess, great opportunity in Mexico, emerging product lines such as brake-related product categories and power management and EV. Do you mind discussing that?
Yes. I think let me start with the JBT 1, which is this rotating electrical, alternate and started test. I mean, we have orders now, back orders on that in firm orders for over 3,000 units there. That product line has proven to be extremely successful, and we're starting to see more and more benefit from that coming. So that's a very significant piece of business. And we expect double, triple and quadruple that amount of demand to unfold in the next 12 months. So that part of the business, we think, is going to be extremely strong. We're very excited about it. I think we have an industry-leading product and the customers that have embraced it are seeing huge successes from it and are committed to it. So very exciting there.
I think the electric vehicle diagnostics. What's a little more choppy in that CapEx budgets keep getting pushed back or there's a lot of sort of -- a little bit of negative discussion on the EV growth right now. So again, that bodes well for combustion engine perceptions. Quite frankly, I think the perceptions, whatever they are, we've got 30 years of business at least in the combustion engine opportunity of tailwinds, quite frankly, and I think it will keep getting better. But anyhow, just to talk -- EV talk a little bit. But the EV market is sporadic. The demand for our testers, our emulators, simulators and continues to be good. it's not as easily to predict quarterly volume on that. Some of these projects are longer.
What is exciting though is our Detroit Test Center, which is a Software-as-a-Solution test center is seeing a lot -- there's a lot of demand for that. In fact, that we've got reservations now that books up that facility for 120 days out. So that's pretty exciting. Margins are very good in that business. And electric power management is a fast-evolving big demand category and whether it be for the automotive aftermarket, but we're seeing a lot of it in drone technology and in aerospace. So I think for longer term down the road, that's going to be quite exciting to us and especially selling computer time for our solutions will be a big part -- a big part of that. We've recently put in a new CEO into that role on the electric control heavy technology person and he's worked for us in the past, but has come through the ranks, and he's taken over there. And we're excited about the opportunities there as well.
There appear to be no further questions at this time. Gary Maier. I'll turn the call back over to you.
Great. So I just want to say in summary, we're excited about our fiscal second half that's coming up. It's supported by strong demand for replacement parts and aging car park opportunities for multiple replacements has caused stay on the road longer. We've built a solid platform for growth and our nondiscretionary aftermarket products serve a critical need for customers and consumers. And most importantly, in closing, I want to recognize the contributions from our -- all of our management team -- all of our team members. We are focused every day on providing the highest level of service. We are all committed to being the industry leader for parts and solutions that move our world today and in the future. And we thank everybody for your continued support, and thank you again for joining us for the call. And we look forward to speaking with you when we host our fiscal 2024 third quarter call in February and at our interim investor conferences. So thank you very much.
Thank you. This concludes today's conference call. We thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.